Denis Radoš

An increased demand for energy in the World, as well as gradually more strict regulations in
environmental protection have resulted in a more extensive usage of wind power and an increase in
construction of energy plants that use wind to generate electricity. Construction of wind power
plants is a complex process that lasts for years and includes many tasks like planning and
implementing various analyses. One of the key analyses in the process of constructing a wind power
plant is the analysis of wind estimation that is used to determine the amount of wind on a location
and the profitability of the construction. The process of wind power estimation is also a complex
process that includes many actions and the simulations performed based on meteorological and
topographic parameters (altitude, roughness and obstacles) may be conducted in various physical
models, like the widely known linear BZ model used by the WAsP program, as well as the
increasingly used CFD models. This research applies the WAsP program in the area of the existing
wind power plant “Danilo” near Šibenik, Croatia to determine the degree of influence of
topographic parameters on wind estimation. The used timescale of meteorological data is December
1, 2015 to December 1, 2016, during which there were no errors on the measuring mast. Most of the
research focuses on altitude data that approximate the real relief around the wind power plant. They
have been extracted from 6 different global DEMs, topographic maps scaled 1:25.000 and Digital
model of altitudes by the National geodetic administration of the Republic of Croatia. The contour
lines singled out from these sources have been organized info 4 categories with different
equidistances – 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 meters. The simulations have been conducted within the
researched area with a radius of 5, 10, 15 and 20 kilometers around each turbine of the “Danilo”
wind power plant. Through the testing of various areas and altitude data a total of 136 combinations
have been acquired. It has been confirmed that the estimated average power generation is lower than
the real power generation by 12 to 15%, depending on the source of altitude data. The most precise
estimation was based on EUDEM model, while the estimation with the highest deviation was the
one based on topographic map. It has been found that within the tested areas the best estimation is
made for the area within the 10-kilometer radius around the wind power plant. Through combining
the models with higher and lower resolution it has been determined that the models with higher
resolution provide better estimations. Furthermore, in the research of contour line equidistances it
has been determined that the contour lines with an equidistance of 20 meters give the best estimate
in three out of six used models.

Prema morfografskim i morfometrijskim analizama koje su rezultat terenskog istraživanja, geomorfološkog kartiranja i kartiranja metodama daljinskih istraživanja, kao i pregledom dosadašnjih istraživanja mogu se navesti sljedeći zaključci: 1. S obzirom na litologiju, na području Općine Kali razvijeni su krški i fluviokrški tip reljefa, kao i antropogeni reljef u užem i širem smislu. 2. Reljef Općine Kali oblikovan je kombiniranim djelovanjem endogenih sila i egzogenih procesa na dodiru Jadranske ploče i Dinarida, odnosno na području kompresivnog bloka što je rezultiralo boranjem, rasjedanjem i navlačenjem odnosno nastankom različitih tipova reljefa. Endogeni i egzogeni procesi djelovali su simultano, s razlikama u utjecaju u pojedinim fazama razvoja (npr. intenzivnije djelovanje neotektonike u pojedinim razdobljima, u izmjeni ili paralelnom djelovanju s fazama u kojima su prevladavali paleoklimatski uvjeti povoljni za jačanje denudacijskih procesa). Djelovanjem egzogenih procesa tijekom geološke prošlosti izmijenjen je izgled reljefa, osobito na zapadnoj uzvisini na kojoj je usječeno nekoliko jaruga. Osim glavnih zaključaka u geomorfološkom smislu, potrebno je istaknuti utjecaj i značenje reljefa za život ljudi. Glavnim razlogom naseljavanja ljudi na istočnoj obali otoka Ugljana u fizičko-geografskom kontekstu može se smatrati reljef. Blago položene padine na dolomitnoj podlozi bile su najpovoljnije za naseljavanje, ali i agrarno korištenje. Za razvoj ribarstva, kao jednog od glavnih čimbenika razvoja Kali, također je bila pogodnija istočna obala jer su se duž nje formirale brojne uvale. Svi ostali, za život i poljoprivredu nepogodniji, dijelovi otoka, također su tijekom stoljeća radom ljudi postali upotrebljivi, što je vidljivo i danas u obliku brojnih suhozida i kućica.

Blidinjsko jezero, ili učestalije zvano samo Blidinje, najveće je planinsko jezero u Bosni i Hercegovini. Nalazi se u Hercegovini, između planina Vrana i Čvrsnice, na nadmorskoj visini od oko 1180 metara. U nekim publikacijama navodi se kao jezero ledenjačkog postanka. Iako oko jezera nesumnjivo postoje dokazi postojanja ledenjaka i ledenjačkog reljefa, morfologija jezerskog dna i obala, promjenjivost površine, ali i brojni zabilježeni izvori o postanku jezera dovode u pitanje teoriju o glacijalnom postanku jezera. Cilj ovog rada je, na temelju kartografskih izvora prostornih podataka, povijesnih zapisa, geomorfološke analize, postojeće literature te intervjua s lokalnim stanovništvom, utvrditi kada i na koji način je nastalo Blidinje jezero. U radu će biti korištene metode analize dostupnih pisanih i usmenih izvora, geomorfološke analize, zatim analize starih karata, kao i analiza toponimije. Na postojećim povijesnim i suvremenim kartama izvedeno je i mjerenje površine jezera u GIS okruženju. Na temelju svih dostupnih podataka osporit će se teorija o glacijalnom nastanku jezera te će se istovremeno iznijeti dokazi da je jezero nastalo radom ljudi krajem 19. stoljeća. Ključne riječi: Blidinjsko jezero, Blidinje, Dugo polje, postanak jezera, Hercegovina, Poljá Blidinje lake, or more commonly just Blidinje, is the biggest mountain lake in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in Herzegovina, between the mountains Vran and Čvrsnica, at an altitude of approximately 1,180 m. Some publications refer to it as a glacial lake. Although undoubtedly there is evidence of the prior existence of glaciers and glacial relief in the area around the lake, the morphology of the lake's bottom and shores, changeability of the surface, and a number of records on the lake's origin challenge the theory of the lake's glacial origin. The aim of this paper is to use cartographic sources of spatial data, historical records, geomorphological analysis, existing literature and interviews with the local population in order to determine how and when Blidinje lake was formed. The methods used in the paper are the analysis of the available written and oral sources, geomorphological analysis, the analysis of old maps, and the analysis of toponymy. The existing historical and contemporary maps were used to perform lake surface measuring in GIS environment. All data acquired were used to disprove the glacial origin theory and to provide evidence that the lake was formed artificially by the end of the 19th century.

In this paper, the geomorphometric issues of the municipality of Zemunik Donji are researched and processed, and a depiction of relief forms produced, with a review of geomorphological features. The aims of the research were to produce a DMR for the needs of geomorphometric research, to compare determinist and geostatistical methods of interpolation, to determine the optimal spatial resolutions for the models produced, to classify relief objects, to analyse the primary geomorphometric parameters, to quantify and analyse the relations between relief objects and geomorphometric parameters, and to produce a synthesis and application. During the research, determinist and geostatistical interpolation methods, comparison methods, selections methods for spatial (horizontal) resolution, methods for digitally analysing the relief, and geomorphometric, statistical, landscape and geomorphological analysis methods were applied. The process of modelling the relief and geomorphometric analysis occurred in several stages: 1) gathering altitude data, 2) interpolation and extrapolation, 3) deriving morphometric indicators, visualisation and classification, 4) analysis, interpretation and synthesis, and 5) application. Each geomorphometric parameter was processed separately, and this included analysing its structure and spatial distribution. The structure was analysed according to statistical and landscape indicators for medium, minimum and maximum surfaces, the number of geo- objects, total surface area, and proportion of the total surface area in the area researched. Based on these indicators, important information was gathered regarding the homogeneity/ heterogeneity of the structure and its spatial distribution, i.e. the fragmentation of each individual indicator in space. The indicators of individual geomorphometric parameters were linked with other parameters and geological features, in order to determine the morphogenetic regularity of the relief, and the internal cohesion/dispersion of relief forms. This correlative approach was also applied when analysing the relationships between relief forms and geomorphometric parameters. The basis used for the analysis was a classification based on a multi-criteria model, in which all the relief forms in the area of the municipality of Zemunik Donji were sorted into ten classes. After this, the statistical and landscape parameters of spatial range, structure and variability were analysed for each class of relief form: minimum, maximum and medium surface area, standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variability (V), number of geo- objects, total surface area, and proportion of the total surface area of the area researched. For all categories of relief objects, an expressed link with morphometric parameters was noted, from which it could be concluded that in terms of criteria (composite) variables, they were very well defined. During the analysis, it was established that the application of an index used in analysing the landscape provided a more detailed, complete appraisal of the fragmentation of relief objects, as indicators of the recent status of the dynamic stability of the relief and its influence on the structure and function of the habitat and ecosystem. This is of great practical importance to almost all aspects of human activity. In addition, along with standard statistical indicators, indices of landscape metrics may be used to assess and evaluate any given area in the research area, for specific use for economic purposes (e.g. agriculture, livestock-breeding, traffic, etc.), and for spatial planning, predicting natural/social hazards, and more efficient management of the environment. This approach has a synergetic effect, i.e. it permits the anthropogenic effect on the fragmentation of geomorphostructures and the landscape as a whole to be assessed, i.e. its abiotic and biotic components. When planning activities linked to spatial management, all the geomorphometric parameters, their statistics, and landscape indicators must be taken into account, as these represent useful guidelines when applying various approaches to evaluating relief forms for practical purposes. It should be emphasised that, within the methodological framework of spatial planning and management, it is essential to apply two levels of approach ; one which is wider and more general, based on the differentiation between individual relief forms, and the other which is narrower and more localised, focusing on differences within a particular relief form. During the research, geomorphometric analysis proved to be a very useful, precise tool for determining and classifying relief objects. This is also valid for the geomorphological processes which are directly linked to these forms, although their character and range are not analysed in detail here. It should be mentioned that the precision of determining morphometric parameters and deriving more or less detailed depictions of geomorphological forms, as well as drawing conclusions on the character of endogenic or exogenic geomorphological processes, depend on the aim and purpose of the analysis, i.e. the needs for particular tasks in practice. The applicability of a geomorphometric analysis is based on the synergy of individual analyses of morphometric indicators and a synthetic overview of the position and significance of each individual indicator within the spatial unit. In this way, all morphometric parameters, as representatives of morphology and the effects of endogenic and exogenic processes on relief objects, can be placed in mutual relations, thus paving the way to their more complex, stratified interpretation. In this, it is important to take into account their position and influence within the spatial context as a whole, i.e. their landscape and other natural and social features.

According to the Köppen climate classification, the wider area of Zemunik belongs to a temperate, warm, rainy climate, with a dry period in the warm part of the year and the average air temperature of the warmest month higher than 22°C (Csa). A comparative analysis of available data from the nearest meteorological stations (Novigrad, Zadar and Zemunik), with a review of the wider physical- geographical context, has enabled a detailed overview of the basic climate features of the wider Zemunik area and their influence on the environment and economic activities. A 30-year (1981-2010) series of climate data on insolation, air temperature, fog, precipitation and wind was analysed. During data processing, statistical methods were used, especially regarding the average, maximum and minimum values of insolation, air temperature, precipitation, fog and wind direction, as well as wind speed. Due to the lack of data from Zemunik and Novigrad stations, insolation was estimated (based on data from Zadar station, 2, 615.5 hours of sunshine per year), at about 2, 600 hours of sunshine per year. In the Zemunik area, lower insolation than at Zadar station was estimated, due to the obvious continental influence. However, because of the proximity of the sea and vertical roughness of the low terrain (lack of orographic precipitation and clouds), these differences are not very large. Average temperatures at Novigrad station from 1981 to 2010 reached maximum value in July (25.5°C) and minimum value in January (5.2°C). The annual average air temperature was 14.6°C. At Zadar station, in the same period, average temperatures reached a maximum value in July (24.6°C), and minimum values in January and February (7.3°C). The annual average temperature was 15.3°C. Average temperatures at Zemunik station, from 1981 to 2010 reached a maximum value in July (24.4°C) and minimum value in January (5.2°C). The annual average temperature was 14°C. The most foggy days were recorded at Zemunik station (34.9 days a year), while at the other stations, Novigrad and Zadar, the occurrence of fog was significantly less (7.0 and 5.3 days a year). This is in accordance with the rule that the number of foggy days increases with a decrease in maritimity. In the 30-year period (1981-2010) about 927.3 mm of precipitation was recorded at Novigrad station, about 853.9 mm at Zadar station, , and 868.7 mm at Zemunik station. All stations recorded more precipitation in the cold part of the year, however at Zemunik station, the difference was less expressed compared to the other two stations, due to the stronger influence of continentality. At Novigrad station, the annual wind rose shows the highest frequency of winds from N, NE, E, SE and W directions, locally known as the bura, jugo and maestral. The average wind speed is highest for winds blowing from the N, NE and SE, with the NNE wind (bura) dominant. The situation is different at Zadar station ; the dominant winds blow from the SE, NW and E, which indicates the express influence of local jugo and maestral winds, and to a less extent, the bura. The highest wind speed coincides with dominant winds. At Zemunik station, winds from the NE, ENE, E, ESE and SE (bura and jugo) account for 47.9 % of all winds, while winds from other directions are significantly less common. The climate elements analyzed (insolation, air temperature, fog, precipitation and wind) are important because of their influence on the natural and cultural landscapes. They also have an influence on economic activities in Zemunik and the surrounding areas. Differences in maritimity/continentality are not great, but show various influences on thermal and pluviometric features, as well as insolation features, the number of foggy days, and wind features. However, low precipitation and high air temperatures are limiting factors for agriculture in the warmer part of the year, though the lithological and pedological features of flysch depressions alleviate the situation and have beneficial effects. Zemunik, like the entire Ravni Kotari area, plays a vital role as one of the most important agricultural regions in southern Croatia.

Prema Köppenovoj klasifikaciji klime, područje otoka Vira pripada umjereno toploj kišnoj klimi (sredozemna klima ili Csa) sa suhim razdobljem u toplom dijelu godine i srednjom temperaturom zraka najtoplijeg mjeseca iznad 22°C. Na klimatske prilike otoka Vira, uz klimatske elemente utječu i klimatski modifikatori, osobito reljef, maritimnost i antropogeni utjecaj. Za potrebe rada analizirani su 30- godišnji (1981.-2010.) nizovi klimatskih podataka o insolaciji, temperaturi, magli, oborinama i vjetru s meteoroloških postaja Silba, Pag i Zadar. Prilikom obrade klimatskih pokazatelja korištene su statističke metode analize prosječnih, maksimalnih i minimalnih vrijednosti insolacije, temperature zraka, oborina, magle te jačine i smjerova vjetrova. Broj sunčanih sati na otoku Viru vjerojatno je viši nego na postaji Pag a manji nego na postaji Zadar. Razlog tome je činjenica da se stvarno osunčavanje smanjuje od jugoistoka prema sjeverozapadu (manji broj sunčanih sati nego na postaji Zadar) a istovremeno je, za razliku od postaje Pag, utjecaj blizine orografske barijere Velebita znatno manji (veći broj sunčanih sati nego na postaji Pag). Ovakve značajke insolacije na otoku Viru od presudnog su značaja za turističku djelatnost, koja je na otoku dominantna. Što se temperaturnih značajki tiče, zbog utjecaja klimatskih modifikatora (reljef, odnos kontinentalnosti i maritimnosti, geografski položaj), srednje godišnje temperature na otoku Viru vjerojatno su niže nego na postajama Silba i Pag a više nego na postaji Zadar. Radi se, dakle, o temperaturnim značajkama povoljnim za turističku valorizaciju, što je, kao i u slučaju insolacije, iznimno bitno za otok Vir. Iako se na širem području otoka Vira magla ne javlja često, kao meteorološka pojava može imati štetno djelovanje na vegetaciju jer onemogućava evapotranspiraciju i pogoduje razvoju biljnih bolesti. Usporedbom tri analizirane postaje uočeno je odstupanje od pravila da su magle češće iznad morskih površina ljeti a kopnenih zimi tj. maglovitost je veća u hladnom dijelu godine, što se može objasniti utjecajem kontinentalnosti. Količine oborina na sve tri postaje, a posljedično i na otoku Viru, u toplom dijelu godine bitno su manje nego u zimskom, s čestom pojavom sušnih razdoblja upravo u vrijeme vegetacijskog razdoblja kada je razvoj biljaka najintezivniji. Ovakav godišnji hod oborina utječe i na probleme u opskrbi vodom zbog intenzivnog zalijevanja poljoprivrednih kultura u to doba, što doprinosi povećanoj potrošnji ionako skromnih zaliha pitke vode. Godišnje ruže vjetrova na svim postajama, pa tako i na otoku Viru, pokazuju najveću učestalost vjetrova iz sjeveroistočnog, jugoistočnog i, u nešto manjoj mjeri sjeverozapadnog kvadranta, tj. bure, juga i maestrala. Značajke klimatskih elemenata važne su zbog utjecaja na prirodni i kulturni krajolik otoka Vira. Relativno mala količina oborina u ljetnim mjesecima kao i znatne godišnje varijacije utječu na geomorfološke značajke i biogeografske specifičnosti. Činjenica da količina oborina nije mala kao na nekim drugim dijelovima jadranske obale od velike je važnosti jer kompenzira negativne efekte visokih ljetnih temperatura tj. smanjuje stupanj aridnosti područja. Klimatske značajke otoka Vira od presudnog su značaja, kako za otočni vegetacijski pokrov, tako i za opskrbu vodom i bioklimatske prilike koje su osobito važne u turizmu kao dominantnom obliku gospodarske djelatosti na otoku.

In this paper, quantitative geomorphological features (slope inclinations,
profile and planar curvature) of mountain rims of Duvanjsko polje were
analyzed. Recent shape of this area is a consequence of series of natural and social
impacts during relief genesis and evolution. The aims of this research are analysis of
quantitative features of hillslope inclinations and curvatures of morphological units
in wider Duvanjsko polje area, interpretation of results and synthesis, so more detailed
insight in hillslope features and processes can be achieved and evaluation of
nature of dominant geomorphological processes can be obtained. During this task,
special attention was given to a detailed geomorphometric analysis in GIS environment
based on a digital relief model. The analysis was conducted in several phases:
1. comparative analysis of hillslope characteristics based on morphological units,
2. comparative analysis of hillslope curvatures and 3. analysis of relationship between slope inclinations and curvature features. Synthesis included interpretation of obtained results in wider context of relationship between morphometric features and structural/lithological features of morphological units.

Despite the modern technological advancements, contemporary methods of data gathering still rely on point samples, which means they feature a precise variable info only on specific x, y - coordinates. In order to get a continual representation of a surface necessary for research, it is necessary to approximate various data values on those surfaces which have not been sampled by using various methods of interpolation. The main aim of this research is to evaluate two different methods of interpolation based on the quality of digital terrain models used for geomorphometric analyses. For the purposes of developing and comparing these methods, a set of elevation data was attained by vectorization of contour lines from HOK. Two methods of interpolation were tested: triangulated irregular network (TIN) and ANUDEM (Topo to Raster). In order to get a more appropriate method, the research employed eight statistical parameters, various graphical representations (both two- and three-dimensional) and geomorphometric parameter of slope inclination. The research shows that ANUDEM is a better method for geomorphometric analyses than TIN is. After the analysis of geomorphometric parameters (slope), the conclusion is that there are no significant differences between the digital terrain models developed on the bases of different sets of elevation data.

Objekt ovoga istraživanja su padine uzvišenja širega područja Duvanjskog polja. Padine se mogu definirati kao reljefne plohe određene geografskim položajem, nagibom u odnosu na horizontalnu površinu, izloženošću(ekspozicijom) u odnosu na strane svijeta, te stupnjem zakrivljenosti (profilne i planarne). Recentni oblik padina posljedica je utjecaja niza prirodnih i društvenih faktora tijekom geneze i evolucije reljefa. Analizom morfometrijskih parametara moguće je dovesti u vezu značajke padina s geološkom građom i sastavom, ali i ostalim prirodno-geografskim čimbenicima (npr. klima, pedologija, vegetacija itd.). Ciljevi ovoga istraživanja su: a) analiza morfometrijskih pokazatelja reljefa, b) analiza odnosa između morfometrijskih pokazatelja, strukturnih i litoloških značajki i c) sinteza svih analiziranih pokazatelja da bi se dobio detaljniji uvid u egzogeomorfološke i morfostrukturne značajke područja i omogućila procjena opsega i intenziteta dominantnih geomorfoloških procesa. Pri...

Usporedna analiza dostupnih podataka s najbližih meteoroloških postaja omogućila je detaljniji prikaz osnovnih klimatskih značajki šireg područja Velog Rata. S obzirom na geografski položaj istraživanog područja zbog kojeg dolazi do izražaja veliko značenje maritimnog utjecaja, kao najreprezentativnije za potrebe istraživanja odabrane su meteorološke postaje Božava, Silba, Vela Sestrica i Zadar, a za pojedine meteorološke elemente koji se ne bilježe na navedenim postajama, Kukljica (magla). Za potrebe rada analizirani su klimatski podaci o insolaciji, temperaturi, magli, oborinama i vjetru. Prilikom analize klimatskih pokazatelja korištene su statističke metode. Zbog kratkoga vremenskog niza podataka na postaji Božava koja je najbliža području Velog Rata, za analizu klimatskih značajki odabrani su dostupni podaci s tri meteorološke postaje koje su najbliže istraživanom području: Silba, Vela Sestrica i Zadar. Analizirani klimatski elementi (insolacija, temperatura, magla, oborine i v...

Ptice su oduvijek privlačile čovjekovu pažnju. Njihov pjev,
raznolikost boja i građe tijela, kao i savršenstvo leta predstavljali
su inspiraciju brojnim naučnicima i umjetnicima.
Ptice se smatraju jednim od najboljih pokazatelja ukupnog
stanja okoliša i proučavanje njihovih populacija od velike je
važnosti za čovjeka.
Bosna i Hercegovina je zemlja koja se odlikuje značajnim
prirodnim bogatstvima, i za koju turisti iz svih dijelova
svijeta posljednjih godina pokazuju sve veći interes. Dio
turista zainteresovanih za prirodu pokazuje i jak interes
za promatranje ptica - birdwatching, što podrazumijeva
prepoznavanje ptica na osnovu njihovog izgleda, ponašanja
ili glasanja. Promatranjem ptica se bave svi starosni uzrasti,
“od 8 do 88 godina“, pripadnici oba spola, različitih vjerskih,
kulturoloških i socioekonomskih statusa. Promatranje
ptica se razvija na svim kontinentima, na svim prostorima,
od dvorišta kuća i parkova do obala rijeka, mora ili najviših
planinskih vrhova.
Na prostoru Bosne i Hercegovine može se vidjeti preko
300 različitih vrsta ptica, od kojih su neke rijetke u drugim
dijelovima Europe, jer se ona nalazi na tzv. Jadranskom
seobenom putu, kojim ptice iz centralne i istočne Europe u
jesen prelijeću preko Balkanskog poluotoka i Sredozemnog
mora i provode zimu u sjevernoj ili centralnoj Africi. Tijekom
seobe, ptice se zadržavaju na močvarnim staništima, gdje
se odmaraju, hrane i prikupljaju energiju za dalji put. Na
krškim poljima Bosne i Hercegovine zastupljeni su stanišni
tipovi na kojima se ptice zadržavaju tijekom proljetne i
jesenje seobe, te tijekom perioda gniježđenja i zimovanja.
Bosna i Hercegovina se još uvijek ne ubraja u red zemalja sa
razvijenim programima za promatrače ptica, iako raspolaže
svim prirodnim bogatstvima na osnovu kojih se ovaj vid
turizma, koji je dugoročno održiv, čuva prirodne resurse i
doprinosi razvoju lokalne zajednice, može razvijati.

Ovaj priručnik je namijenjen budućim turističkim vodičima
čija će ciljna skupina turista biti promatrači ptica. Cilj
priručnika je da pruži potrebne informacije vodičima,
kako bi se dovoljno educirali i uspješno organizirali svoje
turističke ture.
U priručniku je predstavljeno 108 vrsta ptica koje se
susreću na krškim poljima Bosne i Hercegovine, i on
predstavlja poticaj i sadašnjim i budućim promatračima
ptica da nastave širiti svoje znanje i doprinesu zaštiti
prirodnih bogatstava naše zemlje.